July 9, 2009 | In: WHAT IS CANCER
CONTROVERSY 24. Is axillary lymph node treatment for breast cancer of therapeutic value, or does it merely help select patients who should receive chemotherapy? Show answer Those who believe that axillary lymph node dissection confers only...
July 9, 2009 | In: WHAT IS CANCER
63 WHAT IS CANCER? John A. Ridge M.D., Ph.D. 1. What is a neoplasm? Show answer A neoplasm is a new growth of tissue (tumor) in which cells grow progressively under conditions that do not prompt the growth of normal cells. A malignant...
July 9, 2009 | In: BREAST SURGERY
62 PRIMARY THERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER Benjamin O. Anderson M.D. 1. How is breast cancer diagnosed? Show answer A diagnosis requires tissue confirmation by needle sampling or surgical biopsy. Excisional biopsy is the gold standard: the...
July 9, 2009 | In: BREAST SURGERY
61 BREAST MASSES Christina A. Finlayson M.D. 1. What are the three parts of breast screening that assist in the early diagnosis of breast cancer? Show answer Breast self-examination (BSE) should begin at age 20 years and should be performed...
July 9, 2009 | In: ENDOCRINE SURGERY
60 SURGICAL HYPERTENSION Thomas A. Whitehill M.D. 1. What are the surgically correctable causes of hypertension? Show answer Renovascular hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome),...
July 9, 2009 | In: ENDOCRINE SURGERY
59 THYROID NODULES AND CANCER Robert C. McIntyre Jr., M.D. 1. What is the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer? Show answer Thyroid nodules increase throughout life. Nodules are four times more common in females than in males, and 50%...
July 9, 2009 | In: ENDOCRINE SURGERY
58 HYPERTHYROIDISM Robert C. McIntyre Jr., M.D. 1. What are the symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism? Show answer General: Heat intolerance, perspiration, flushing, tremor, sleep...
July 9, 2009 | In: ENDOCRINE SURGERY
57 HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Robert C. McIntyre Jr., M.D. 1. What is the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT)? Show answer There are approximately 100,000 new cases of HPT annually in the United States. Primary HPT occurs in 1 in 500 women and...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
CONTROVERSIES 36. What are some of the anatomic issues related to inguinal hernias? Show answer At issue is the iliopubic tract, which is central to the Anson/McVay anatomic description of the inguinal area and featured in the McVay Cooper's...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
56 INGUINAL HERNIA Gregory P. Victorino M.D., Jyoti Arya M.D., James Bascom M.D. 1. "Groin" hernia refers to which three hernias? Show answer Direct and indirect inguinal hernias and femoral hernias. 2. Francois Poupart, a French...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
PILONIDAL SINUS DISEASE 29. What is the most common clinical presentation of a pilonidal sinus? Show answer Pain and swelling in the sacrococcygeal region, which typically are associated with a (sometimes several) chronic draining sinus...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
HEMORRHOIDS 21. What are hemorrhoidal tissues, and what are their normal functions? Show answer Hemorrhoids are cushions of vascular tissue that contribute to anal continence and protect the sphincter mechanism during defecation. Hemorrhoids...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
ANAL FISSURE 14. What is the most common location for idiopathic anal fissure? Show answer 90% are posterior, and 10% are anterior. 15. What are the most common symptoms of anal fissure? Show answer Tearing anal pain and bleeding...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
ANORECTAL ABSCESS AND FISTULA IN ANO 5. What is the most common cause of anorectal abscess? Show answer Ninety percent result from cryptoglandular infection. 6. What are the four potential anorectal spaces used to classify anorectal...
July 9, 2009 | In: ABDOMINAL SURGERY
55 ANORECTAL DISEASE Eric L. Sarin M.D., John B. Moore M.D. 1. What aspect of the initial patient encounter is most important in the diagnosis of anorectal disease? Show answer Clinical history, including duration of complaints,...
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