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coconut water = the next "energy drink" - Rum Lovers @ the ...
As for rehydrating you I do believe it and I'd sooner use coconut water to rehydrate as opposed to gatorade. Some of the research articles I've read indicate that gatorade has TOO many electrolytes and just makes you more thirsty. ... Coconut water has a huge potassium load, roughly 17 mEq per 8 oz. If you're an athlete thats just fine. If you want to enjoy 8 oz. over ice after a golf game, thats fine. But if you have marginal kidney function, or take certain heart or ...
Journal of Translational Medicine | Full text | Practical aspects ...
To be safe and consistent, always dose in milliequivalents (mEq). Table 1 is useful for conversion to mEq. Various brands contain combinations of salts, and in these cases, it is critical to read the package insert if dosing on a mg basis ... Sports drinks, such as Gatorade®, may at first blush seem intuitively beneficial as they contain "electrolytes" and "potassium"; however, they contain high sugar loads and often high sodium content, both of which can trigger attacks ...
Hardball: Cubs to Zambrano: Cut the caffeine
Just what we need -- Gatorade scientists trying to help the Cubs. It does not take a genius to realize that all the COFFEE AND ENERGY DRINKS RIGHT BEFORE STARTS are what's giving him the cramps! Geez. Posted by: Jeff G. | April 02, ... Doctor prescription of 20 MEQ of potassium taken once a day has solved the problem for all times. Eating a banana provides nowhere near the KCL needed. Can someone get the word to our medical staff? Common problem, simple solution. ...
Fluids, Electrolytes, Gatorade & Seat
7 FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, GATORADE, AND SWEAT
Alden H. Harken M.D.
1. What is hypertonic saline?
Show answer
Normal saline is 0.9% sodium chloride. Hypertonic saline is 7.5% sodium chloride (eight times as concentrated as normal saline).
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102 ETHICS IN THE SURGICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Ricardo J. Gonzalez M.D.
1. What are the four principles of medical ethics?
1. Beneficence describes the active role of doing good by intervention.
2. Nonmaleficence is equivalent to saying, “First do no harm.”
3. Autonomy accounts for informed consent, competence, and the patient’s right to refuse treatment and to know what’s going on.
4. Justice means that all patients should receive fair and equal care but that one patient’s care should not squander limited resources for others.
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Urodynamics & Voiding Dysfunction
98 URODYNAMICS AND VOIDING DYSFUNCTION
Firouz Daneshgari M.D.
1. What is urodynamics?
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Urodynamic studies assess the functional aspects of the storage and emptying ability of the lower urinary tract (LUT). The principles of urodynamic studies originated from hydrodynamics. The components of urodynamic studies are cystometrogram, leak point pressures, urethral profile pressures, pressure-flow studies, uroflowmetry, and electromyography. These studies have evolved into videourodynamics with the addition of fluoroscopy (i.e., video).
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BONUS QUESTIONS
11. Is there any type of stone that cannot be seen on helical CT scan?
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Patients taking indinavir sulfate (Crixivan) for HIV infection can form stones from the crystals of the medication; these stones are not seen on CT scan.
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calculus disease questions,Renal Cell Carcinoma. Bonus Question
BONUS QUESTION
9. What is Stauffer’s syndrome? Show answer
It is diagnosed with elevated liver function tests (LFTs) in the presence of renal cell carcinoma that normalize after nephrectomy and tumor removal. It is thought to be a type of paraneoplastic syndrome.
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, renal cell carcinoma elevated lfts, renal cell carcinoma from campbell urology,Renal Cell Carcinoma
95 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Brett B. Abernathy M.D.
1. How common is renal cell carcinoma?
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In the United States, 30,000 new cases of renal cell carcinoma are predicted for 2004 and 2005, about 3% of all adult malignancies.
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Urinary Calculus Disease
94 URINARY CALCULUS DISEASE
Bretat B. Abernathy M.D.
1. What are the most common types of urinary stones found in North America?
Show answer
* Calcium stones (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or mixed calcium stones): 70%.
* Struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, often associated with infection: 20%.
* Uric acid stones (radiolucent): 5%
* Cystine stones, often with a genetic association: 5% Read more
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93 THE SURGICAL APPROACH TO INFERTILITY
Randall B. Meacham M.D., Alex J. Vanni
1. How common a problem is infertility?
Show answer
Infertility is the inability to establish a pregnancy during 1 year of well-timed intercourse. This affects 15% of all couples in the United States. In 50% of such couples, the woman is responsible; in 30% of couples, a male factor prevents pregnancy; and in 20% of couples, it is a combination of both.
Congenital Cysts & Sinuses Of The Neck
88 CONGENITAL CYSTS AND SINUSES OF THE NECK
Frederick M. Karrer M.D., Denis D. Bensard M.D.
1. What are branchial cleft anomalies?
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Cysts, sinuses, and fistulas that result from incomplete obliteration of the first, second, or third branchial clefts, and are present in early fetal development.
Abdominal Tumors. Controversy
CONTROVERSY
6. Should patients with hepatoblastoma receive preoperative chemotherapy to shrink the tumors?
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woc tumor,Abdominal Tumors
87 ABDOMINAL TUMORS
Frederick M. Karrer M.D., Denis D. Bensard M.D.
1. What are the most common malignant solid abdominal tumors in children?
Show answer
Neuroblastomas, Wilms’ tumors, and hepatoblastomas, in that order. Neuroblastomas are derived from neural crest tissue; in the abdomen, they originate from the adrenal glands and paraspinal sympathetic ganglia. Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma) derives from the kidney, and hepatoblastomas originate in the liver.
2. Is it tough to differentiate Wilms’ tumor from neuroblastomas clinically?
Show answer
Yes. Both tumors present as an asymptomatic abdominal mass. The differences are summarized in Table 87-1. In addition, because neuroblastomas produce hormones, affected children may exhibit flushing, hypertension (catecholamine release), watery diarrhea, periorbital ecchymosis, and abnormal ocular movements.
Table 87-1. DIFFERENTATION BETWEEN WILMS’ TUMOR AND NEUROLASTOMA
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Wilms’ Tumor
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Neuroblastoma
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|
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Age at presentation
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3-4 yr
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1-2 yr
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Extend across midline
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Rare
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Common
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|
Surface on palpation
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Smooth
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Knobby
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|
X-ray calcifications
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No
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Yes
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3. How are Wilms’ tumors and neuroblastomas treated?
Table 87-2. TREATMENT OF WILMS’ TUMOR AND NEUROBLASTOMA
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Wilms’ Tumor
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Neuroblastoma
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|
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Primary surgical excision
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Important (likely)
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Important (less likely)
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|
Chemotherapy
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Enormous impact
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Less responsive
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4. What are the major prognostic factors in neuroblastomas and Wilms’ tumor?
In neuroblastomas, age at presentation is the major prognostic factor. Children younger than 1 year have an overall survival rate > 70%, whereas the survival rate for children older than 1 year is < 35%. Shimada proposed a prognostic classification based on evaluation of histologic parameters (tumor differentiation, mitosis-karyorrhexis index [MKI]) as well as age. Aneuploid tumors, tumors with low MKI, and tumors with < 10 copies of the n-myc gene also have better outcomes.
Age is also important in children with Wilms’ tumors, but the prognosis is better because the tumors are more readily excised and much more sensitive to chemotherapy.
5. What are the differences between hepatoblastomas and hepatocellular carcinomas? How are the tumors treated?
Hepatoblastomas usually occur in infants and young children, whereas hepatocellular carcinoma usually occurs in children older than 10 years. Hepatocellular carcinoma usually is associated with cirrhosis and hepatitis B and is histologically identical to the adult form. Surgical resection is the primary therapy for both tumors. Hepatoblastomas often have a good response to adjunctive chemotherapy, whereas hepatocellular carcinoma rarely responds to chemotherapy.
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major abdominal tumors in pediatrics, tumor neurolastoma,Intestinal Obstruction Of Neonates & Infants
83 INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION OF NEONATES AND INFANTS
Richard J. Hendrickson M.D., Denis D. Bensard M.D.
1. What signs or symptoms suggest intestinal obstruction in the neonate?
Show answer
Signs and symptoms vary according to the level of obstruction. Proximal intestinal obstruction leads to the early onset of bilious emesis, generally with minimal abdominal distention. In contrast, neonates with distal intestinal obstruction present after the first day of life with bilious vomiting and pronounced abdominal distention. Bilious emesis should always be interrogated further in infants and children.
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j pediatr surg 37:909-911,Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm. Controversies
CONTROVERSIES
13. Which is preferred: surgical or medical management of descending dissections?
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* Initial surgical managementApproximately 25% of patients initially treated medically need an operation eventually.
* Operative mortality is much lower today (20%) than in the past.
* Medical management has the same in-hospital mortality (20%).
* Initial medical managementThis avoids unnecessary operation and its attendant cost and complication rate.
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Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm
81 DISSECTING AORTIC ANEURYSM
Laurence H. Brinckerhoff M.D., David N. Campbell M.D.
1. Why is the term dissecting aortic aneurysm really incorrect?
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The correct term should be dissecting aortic hematoma because the lesion is not an aneurysm. Blood dissects between the middle and outer layers of the media and adventitia of the aorta (specifically, there does not need to be an intimal tear, although there usually is).
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Noninvasive VascularD iagnostic Laboratory. Controversies
CONTROVERSIES
15. Can carotid endarterectomy be performed on the basis of duplex study alone?
Show answer
The argument for elimination of arteriography in selected cases is persuasive because the carotid arteriogram alone has a morbidity rate > 1%. This rate may represent 25% of the usual total morbidity associated with carotid endarterectomy. However, to realize the benefit of surgery based on duplex ultrasound, the duplex study must have a high positive predictive value (PPV). Fortunately, the PPV is high for severe lesions that meet suitably strict criteria (e.g., peak systolic velocities > 290 cm/sec and end-diastolic velocities > 80 cm/sec).
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Abernathy’s Surgical Secrets, Updated Edition (Book w / Student Consult)
Author / s: Harken Alden H., Abernathy Charles, Moore Ernest Eugene
Year: 2004
Pages: 473
Publishers: Elsevier Mosby; 5th Bk & Acc edition
ISBN: 0323034160
